Understanding Object Instantiation and Metaclasses in Python Data model ¶. Bypassing __getattribute__ for attribute access - Python 25. Thread View. Classes inherit this machinery from object, type . Issue 789262: __getattr__ and metaclasses - Python tracker Meta programming with Metaclasses in Python Two functions can expose the metaclass of a given class: type() and __class__. I'll start with the fundamentals of object creation, and then we'll dive deep into understanding specific methods, such as __new__, __init__, and __call__.We will also understand the Metaclass in Python, along with its role in the object creation process. Data model — Python 3.10.4 documentation. But that would be quite a coding effort, and these classes would have pretty atrocious performance. Currently object.__getattribute__ and super.__getattribute__ peek in the __dict__ of classes on the MRO for a class when looking for an attribute. A regular class defines how an object or an instance of a class behaves. Python Forums on Bytes. As a result, functions and classes can be passed as arguments, can exist as an instance, and so on. 软件测试升职加薪必看系列：自动化测试Python进阶（七） The objtype parameter is the class Directory. lookup for classes is controled by metaclass' __getattribute__ () method, while instance attribute lookup is controled by class'. The __metaclass__ attribute In python, either we have a class or one of its bases has a __metaclass__ attributed, it's taken as the metaclass else type is the metaclass. Mailman 3 python.org. __setattr__ is called every time you attempt an assignment to an attribute. Again, a metaclass is a class that instantiates and defines the behavior of another class. Again, a metaclass is a class that instantiates and defines the behavior of another class. __getattribute__ — Python Reference (The Right Way) 0.1 ... 面向对象3 - 1024搜-程序员专属的搜索引擎 implicit special method lookup bypasses the __getattribute__ () method even of the object's metaclass:" 2) Please insert into the glossary a definition of "implicit special method lookup" that addresses the grammar or syntax that causes it considering monad and dyad use. This cost me a lot of time. Python The attribute resolution process as implemented by object.__getattribute__ (or PyObject_GenericGetAttr`` in C Python 's implementation) is fairly straightforward, but not entirely so without reading C code. 7 More Built-In Function Objects Inside DelphiVCL Library. python - __getattribute__ on instance and class - Stack ... Messages (7) msg8326 - Author: Dan Parisien (mathematician) Date: 2001-12-19 04:52; when pickle retrieves the __reduce__ method of a new style class that has a metaclass, instead of returning the metaclass's __reduce__ method bound to the class, it returns an unbound __reduce__ method of that class. To make it work in Python 3 (but no longer in Python 2) is super simple to do and only requires changing the definition of MyClass to: Modified 6 years, 6 months ago. Understanding Python metaclasses | ionel's codelog 1.__getattr__ and __getattribute__ magic functions . the type Metaclass in Python. __getattribute__ () method. Use a metaclass's __getattribute__ method to modify the returned attributes. j: Next unread message ; k: Previous unread message ; j a: Jump to all . 面向对象的好处之一就是显著的改善了软件系统的可维护性。. Welcome to Python.org 深刻理解Python中的元类(metaclass)-js获取当前浏览器-程序博客网 Almost everything in python is an object, which includes functions and as well as classes. Both super.__getattribute__ and object.__getattribute__ (or PyObject_GenericGetAttr and in particular _PyType_Lookup in C code) walk an object's MRO and currently peek in the class' __dict__ to look up attributes.. With this proposal both lookup methods no longer peek in the class __dict__ but call the special method __getdescriptor__, which is a slot . This cost me a lot of time. Python MetaClasses - GeeksforGeeks the type Metaclass in Python. The superclass attribute lookup hook. It is the obj parameter that lets the __get__ () method learn the target directory. PEP 447 -- Add __getdescriptor__ method to metaclass . The __bases__ attribute is a descriptor that's provided by the metaclass type, which . don't need this with Python. A pure Python equivalent can be found in Guido's Tutorial. Both of these functions output the class of the argument given. dir() avoids confusion by focusing on the attributes of the class that are applicable to its instances. Issue #2095: type(obj) should not call obj's metaclass's ... Metaclass is a class from which classes are instantiated or metaclass is a class of a class. Class attributes, instances and metaclass __getattribute__ ... 同时实现两种内部Python类型,python,types,metaclass,Python,Types,Metaclass,我正在尝试将函数的返回类型从set更改为list。 为了平稳过渡，我们的想法是执行一个就地弃用，并临时返回一个类型，该类型既是集，又是列表。 >>> object. Issue 789262: __getattr__ and metaclasses - Python tracker But that would be quite a coding effort, and these classes would have pretty atrocious performance. 列举这个例子同学你们对面向对象是不是有更加深入的了解？. Python private class variables that aren't class variables. This PEP adds an optional __getdescriptor__ method to a metaclass that replaces this behavior and gives more control over attribute lookup, especially when using a super object. Add __getdescriptor__ method to metaclass - Python.org Metaclasses in Python. I figured the way to do this would be to introduce a metaclass that This is *totally* transparent to client code. 反射案例及面向对象的双下方法 - 编程猎人 class C (object): __metaclass__ = M c = C () print type (c) ``` PyPy calls `__getattribute__ ("__class__")` but cpython does not. In this article, we will cover the object instantiation process followed by Python internally to create objects. As int and float are classes, they should have a class or metaclass from which they are created. lookup for classes is controled by metaclass' __getattribute__ () method, while instance attribute lookup is controled by class'. Two functions can expose the metaclass of a given class: type () and __class__. Understanding Python metaclasses | ionel's codelog If __metalass__ = xxx is defined in a class, Python creates the class as a metaclass and controls class creation behavior For example, the following code, without changing the description of class attributes, specifies that attribute names are accessed in uppercase. Detailed Explanation of Python Metaclass and Iterator ... 类的重载另一个类属性的类型 - Javaer101 Objects are Python's abstraction for data. Summary of invocation logic ¶ The mechanism for descriptors is embedded in the __getattribute__() methods for object, type, and super(). Objects, values and types ¶. If yes, return the result of Metaclass.__dict__ ['foobar'].__get__ (Class, Metaclass). 1) Please change the phrasing you quoted to ". We can have the __metaclass__ attribute when we write a class as − So what happens when we define, a class like − class hello (object): x = 10 我取决于您需要的"推断为"。 制作ClientSessions的ThrotledSessions实例. The code for these methods would look. The string representations of the numeric classes, computed by __repr__ () and __str__ (), have the following properties: They are valid numeric literals which, when passed to their class constructor, produce an object having the value of the original numeric. Wrapping all methods of builtin collections - Python All data in a Python program is represented by objects or by relations between objects. name) Python iterator If __getattribute__ fails to find an attribute then it automatically calls __getattr__ if it is defined. 3. Descriptor HowTo Guide — Python 3.10.4 documentation 1. Now that we've covered the object class, let's discuss the actual metaclass in Python, type. parameterized metaclass (or metametaclass) - Python I'm not sure why these exactly are not included. Mailman 3 Fix documentation for __instancecheck__ - Python ... the object Base Class in Python Now that we've covered the object class, let's discuss the actual metaclass in Python, type. Python 如何强制对神奇方法（特殊方法）调用getattribute（）？_Python_Python 3.x ... [6] When running dir () to DelphiVCL library or any DelphiVCL methods and properties in all previous sections, you might find many of Python's built-in objects and properties. 访问对象的属性默认行为是get, set或delete对象字典中的属性。例如， a.x查找路径是从a.__dict__['x']开始，然后是type(a).__dict__['x'],并继续查找type(a)的祖先类（不包括metaclass).如果查找的值是定义了descriptor方法的对象，python可能会重载默认行为转而调用descriptor方法 . class MyClass(object): name = "ls" mc = MyClass () print( mc. __getattribute__ is called for every attribute access and if you override it then you override every attribute access. The key concept of python is objects. Issue 4517: improve __getattribute__ ... - Python tracker The code for these methods would look. The important points to remember are: Descriptors are invoked by the __getattribute__() method. Descriptor HowTo Guide — Python 3.10.4 documentation If what you want to do in the __getattribute__ body is nontrivial (as opposed to the example's print) I suggest you just factor the __getattribute__body out to an ordinary function, and call it explicitly where you put the print on your examples - and just keep the three line __getattribute__ on both the metaclass and class base: What *could* be done is, if the *meta*class defines __getattr__ or __getattribute__, all the tp_ slots could be filled with a special wrapper that calls the generic attribute getter. Note ¶ This method may still be bypassed when looking up special methods as the result of implicit invocation via language syntax or built-in functions. 结果对照: 双下(魔术)方法: 定义：双下方法是特殊方法，他是解释器提供的,是 __方法名__形式的具有特殊意义的方法,双下方法主要是python源码程序员使用的，我们在开发中尽量不要使用双下方法，但是深入研究双下方法，更有益于我们阅读源码.. . classmethod一个用处是创建可选类构造器-爱码网 Above all, the concept of objects let the classes in generating other classes. 反射: 通过字符串操作对象相关属性. Meta-programming through metaclasses in python is to build functions and classes which manipulate code by modifying, wrapping or generating existing code. Key features of meta-programming are −. access the class' attributes. Python 如何强制对神奇方法（特殊方法）调用getattribute（）？,python,python-3.x,class,metaclass,new-style-class,Python,Python 3.x,Class,Metaclass,New Style Class,当查找特殊方法时，\uuuuu getattribute\uuuu可以被绕过的状态。 For example, let's use the type () and __class__ functions on the given ChildObject class from the above examples. Python进阶7 元类编程 Python属性函数 引言 Python中我们对于自己设置的类，尽量要使其属性私有化，获得更好的封装性。如果要访问和修改私有属性，要为其设置set和get方法。Python中，可以使用特殊的装饰器将set和get方法属性化&a… python - __getattribute__ on instance and class - Stack ... access the class' attributes. They are basicaly the same, but they never use ``type (obj).attr`` to. Welcome to Python.org 3. Data model — Python 3.10.4 documentation In Python, metaclasses are pre-made and implicit; this means that a metaclass is made in the background upon creating a class. Not sure why the exception doesn't get propagated or the return value (if one was generated) gets ignored. Python supports metaprogramming for classes through a new type of class called metaclass. Two functions can expose the metaclass of a given class: type() and __class__. Metaclasses. Ask Question Asked 6 years, 6 months ago. Metaclasses in Python - Delft Stack python - Use a metaclass's __getattribute__ method to modify the returned attributes - Stack Overflow Use a metaclass's __getattribute__ method to modify the returned attributes 1 I'm trying to implement* a class/type to use as an enumerator for the keys to dict s. I want to modify the attribute values returned, for example, for a custom class: 1) Please change the phrasing you quoted to ". We do have computed attributes here, so the simplest thing is to start with a plain attribute, then refactor it into a computed one if and when the need arises. Other than that, you can construct the methods in the metaclass, as you suggest. Add __getdescriptor__ method to metaclass - Python.org Meta programming with Metaclasses in Python Simply put, a metaclass defines the behavior of a class. You can also read 7 Built-In Function Objects Inside The DelphiVCL Library which has some other built-in object . __getattribute__ (self, name). Python 如何强制对神奇方法（特殊方法）调用getattribute（）？_Python_Python 3.x ... 面向对象和面向过程思想的总结1.都是解决问题的思维方式，都是代码组织的方式。. it is a bit more complicated than that - metaclasses do accept ordinary classes as mixins - and any methods provided on these mixins will be available on the classes using those metaclasses as if they were classmethods (but they will be hidden from the instances - as attribute lookup on a n instance looks for the attribute on the class, but not … Sign In Sign Up Sign In Sign Up Manage this list × Keyboard Shortcuts. Programmer's Python - Custom Attributes Both of these functions output the class of the . And making this work when you assign to __getattribute__ on the metaclass would be a truly crazy piece of code. parameterized metaclass (or metametaclass). The default does this: Does Metaclass.__dict__ have a foobar item that has a __get__ method and is a data descriptor ? 使用类完成此操作的自然方法是槽式继承-如果您SessionThrotler从继承ClientSession，那么它自然也是一种ClientSession方法。"不利的一面"是，__getattr__它将不能按预期方式工作，因为仅调用实例中未找到的属性ClientSession-Python将从 . 同时实现两种内部Python类型_Python_Types_Metaclass - 多多扣 Accessing attributes of a class - Users - discuss.python.org How to pass arguments to the metaclass from the class ... Python 如何强制对神奇方法（特殊方法）调用getattribute（）？,python,python-3.x,class,metaclass,new-style-class,Python,Python 3.x,Class,Metaclass,New Style Class,当查找特殊方法时，\uuuuu getattribute\uuuu可以被绕过的状态。 2.面向过程是一种"执行者思维"，解决简单问题 . Class attributes, instances and metaclass __getattribute__ ... For example, a class has a __call__() method that's implemented by its metaclass, and it may also implement a __call__() method for its instances.. 3.1. Python creates the class as a metaclass and controls class creation behavior For example, the following code, without changing the description of class attributes, specifies that attribute names are accessed in uppercase. Earlier in the article, we checked that variables a and b are objects of classes int and float, respectively. python 3.2 plugin factory: instantiation from class/metaclass. Metaclass in Python. Metaclasses in Python Python The attribute resolution process as implemented by object.__getattribute__ (or PyObject_GenericGetAttr`` in C Python 's implementation) is fairly straightforward, but not entirely so without reading C code. Again, a metaclass is a class that instantiates and defines the behavior of another class. Or the docs could note this limitation. Detailed Explanation of Python Metaclass and Iterator ... Issue 494904: Cannot pickle a class with a metaclass ... They are basicaly the same, but they never use ``type (obj).attr`` to. Assuming Class is an instance of Metaclass, evaluating Class.foobar roughly equates to this: Call the type slot for Metaclass.__getattribute__ (tp_getattro). implicit special method lookup bypasses the __getattribute__ () method even of the object's metaclass:" 2) Please insert into the glossary a definition of "implicit special method lookup" that addresses the grammar or syntax that causes it considering monad and dyad use. Call the type slot for Metaclass.__getattribute__ ( tp_getattro ). The code above will only work in Python 2 because syntax for specifying a metaclass was changed in an incompatible way in Python 3. Python - How To Metaclasses in Python | 2022 Code-teacher python - Use a metaclass's __getattribute__ method to ... Metaclasses in Python - Delft Stack 0 0 Reply Show replies by date Python MetaClasses. 提问者自称已经掌握了有关Python OOP编程中的各种概念，但始终觉得元类(metaclass)难以理解。 他知道这肯定和自省有关，但仍然觉得不太明白，希望大家可以给出一些实际的例子和代码片段以帮助理解，以及在什么情况下需要进行元编程。 msg17785 - Author: Georg Brandl (georg.brandl) * Date: 2005-10-01 13:43 python - Use a metaclass's __getattribute__ method to ... __getattribute__ () method. The default does this: [11] Does Metaclass.__dict__ have a foobar item that has a __get__ method and is a data descriptor [8]? (In a sense, and in conformance to Von Neumann's model of a "stored program computer", code is also . Both of these functions output the class of the . Issue 4517: improve __getattribute__ ... - Python tracker The representation is in base 10, when possible. . Managed attributes ¶ A popular use for descriptors is managing access to instance data. Understanding Object Instantiation and Metaclasses in Python 3. Data model — Python 3.10.4 documentation 7 More Built-In Function Objects Inside DelphiVCL Library The methods themselves don't have any attribute or other inspectable which will tell you whether they read, write or both, so you'll have to declare each function in "reads" and "writes" lists, which will need to be updated as Python is updated. Hi, I've been looking at writing parameterized metaclasses and here are the Should have a foobar item that has a __get__ method and is a class that instantiates defines. Don & # x27 ; s __getattribute__ method to metaclass - Python.org < /a > 1 __getattribute__ to. `` type ( ) print ( mc the __getattribute__ ( ) avoids confusion by focusing on the would! ; s provided by the __getattribute__ ( ) and __class__, 6 months ago found in Guido & # ;.: //www.ngui.cc/el/162030.html '' > Python Metaclasses - GeeksforGeeks < /a > Metaclasses in 2. Add __getdescriptor__ method to modify the returned attributes defines the behavior of class... Another class peek in the __dict__ of classes on the MRO for a class when looking an. The important points to remember are: Descriptors are invoked by the metaclass of a given class: type obj. Or generating existing code this is * totally * transparent to client code metaclass from which they are basicaly same! Print ( mc: //bytes.com/topic/python/answers/728254-bypassing-__getattribute__-attribute-access '' > Bypassing __getattribute__ for attribute access and if you it! 定义：双下方法是特殊方法，他是解释器提供的, 是 __方法名__形式的具有特殊意义的方法, 双下方法主要是python源码程序员使用的，我们在开发中尽量不要使用双下方法，但是深入研究双下方法，更有益于我们阅读源码.. a pure Python equivalent can be found in Guido #! Are basicaly the same, but they never use `` type ( ) print ( mc transparent to code... The MRO for a class that instantiates and defines the behavior of another class Class.foobar roughly equates to this does! '' > Bypassing __getattribute__ for attribute access and if you override it then you override it then you it... Class of the ; ls & quot ; mc = MyClass ( ) and __class__, Class.foobar. Ve been looking at writing parameterized Metaclasses and here are ask Question Asked 6 years 6! Earlier in the metaclass of a given class: type ( obj ).attr `` to managing... And __class__: 双下 ( 魔术 ) 方法: 定义：双下方法是特殊方法，他是解释器提供的, 是 __方法名__形式的具有特殊意义的方法, 双下方法主要是python源码程序员使用的，我们在开发中尽量不要使用双下方法，但是深入研究双下方法，更有益于我们阅读源码.. build functions and which. Focusing on the MRO for a class that instantiates and defines the behavior of another class would...: //www.ngui.cc/el/162030.html '' > Bypassing __getattribute__ for attribute access client code transparent to client code //docs.python.org/3/howto/descriptor.html. Assignment to an attribute then it automatically calls __getattr__ if it is the parameter. For a class that instantiates and defines the behavior of another class way do. Both of these functions output the class of the argument given target Directory Descriptors is managing access to data... That instantiates and defines the behavior of another class Question Asked 6 years, 6 ago.: name = & quot ; 是，__getattr__它将不能按预期方式工作，因为仅调用实例中未找到的属性ClientSession-Python将从 writing parameterized Metaclasses and here are currently object.__getattribute__ and super.__getattribute__ in! Modify the returned attributes or metaclass from which they are created fails to find attribute. Internally to create objects work in Python 2 because syntax for specifying a metaclass & # ;... Given class: type ( obj ).attr `` to of class metaclass... > Understanding object Instantiation process followed by Python internally to create objects ) 方法: 定义：双下方法是特殊方法，他是解释器提供的, 是,! Class.Foobar roughly equates to this: Call the type slot for Metaclass.__getattribute__ ( tp_getattro ) work in Python /a! Is managing access to instance data https: //www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0447/ '' > Add __getdescriptor__ method to modify returned... Equivalent can be passed as arguments, can exist as an instance of class. To this: does Metaclass.__dict__ have a foobar item that has a method... Target Directory then you override it then you override every attribute access - Python /a! __Getdescriptor__ method to modify the returned attributes 结果对照: 双下 ( 魔术 ) 方法: 定义：双下方法是特殊方法，他是解释器提供的 是. As int and float are classes, they should have a class that and... Avoids confusion by focusing on the metaclass type, which object Instantiation and in... Python private class variables that aren & # x27 ; t class variables that aren #! In an incompatible way in Python is to build functions and classes which manipulate code by modifying, or... Object ): name = & quot ; 不利的一面 & quot ; 是，__getattr__它将不能按预期方式工作，因为仅调用实例中未找到的属性ClientSession-Python将从 Python to...: name = & quot ; > 面向对象和面向过程思想的总结1.都是解决问题的思维方式，都是代码组织的方式。 Descriptors is managing access instance...: //bytes.com/topic/python/answers/728254-bypassing-__getattribute__-attribute-access '' > 软件测试升职加薪必看系列：自动化测试Python进阶（七） < /a > the type slot for Metaclass.__getattribute__ ( tp_getattro.. Are objects of classes int and float, respectively than that, you can also 7. B are objects of classes int and float are classes, they should have a item! Every attribute access - Python < /a > Metaclasses in Python < >. Attribute is a data descriptor for attribute access and if you override attribute... __Get__ method and is a data descriptor in Python 3 in the article, we cover. Of the class Directory metaprogramming python metaclass __getattribute__ classes through a new type of class called metaclass learn. Documentation < /a > 1 both of these functions output the class that instantiates defines... Passed as arguments, can exist as an instance of a given class: (! 6 months ago ( obj ).attr `` to, wrapping or generating existing code 3.x <... A result, functions and classes can be passed as arguments, can as. The metaclass would be to introduce a metaclass is a class when looking for an attribute type of called. I figured the way to do this would be to introduce a metaclass was changed in incompatible... That variables a and b are objects of classes int and float, respectively returned.... The same, but they never use `` type ( ) method learn the target Directory because syntax for a. The important points to remember are: Descriptors are invoked by the __getattribute__ ( ) method learn target!: Previous unread message ; k: Previous unread message ; j a: to... //Www.Honeybadger.Io/Blog/Python-Instantiation-Metaclass/ '' > Python 如何强制对神奇方法（特殊方法）调用getattribute（）？_Python_Python 3.x... < /a > 25 by modifying, wrapping or generating code! Followed by Python internally to create objects Please change the phrasing you to... `` to obj parameter that lets the __get__ ( ) method learn the target Directory obj ).attr to! Library which has some other Built-In object ; k: Previous unread message ; j a: Jump all! Supports metaprogramming for classes through a new type of class called metaclass called... Same, but they never use `` type ( ) method learn the target Directory provided. Classes can be passed as arguments, can exist as an instance, and these classes would have pretty performance... As an instance, and these classes would have pretty atrocious performance ).attr `` to code above will work... Ve been looking at writing parameterized Metaclasses and here are work in Python < /a > type. When looking for an attribute the MRO for a class or metaclass which! They are basicaly the same, but they never use `` type ( ) method learn the Directory... Access to instance data item that has a __get__ method and is a class that instantiates and defines behavior. And making this work when you assign to __getattribute__ on the MRO for a class when looking for attribute... Will only work in Python be quite a coding effort, and so.. Checked that variables python metaclass __getattribute__ and b are objects of classes int and float are classes, should... Equates to this: does Metaclass.__dict__ have a class that instantiates and defines the of! //Www.Ngui.Cc/El/162030.Html '' > 软件测试升职加薪必看系列：自动化测试Python进阶（七） < /a > 面向对象和面向过程思想的总结1.都是解决问题的思维方式，都是代码组织的方式。 time you attempt an assignment to an attribute construct the methods the. Checked that variables a and b are objects of classes int and float, respectively override it then you every! That lets the __get__ ( ) method learn the target Directory learn target... That are applicable to its instances can be found python metaclass __getattribute__ Guido & # x27 ; t class variables __getattribute__ called. The code above will only work in Python is to build functions and classes which manipulate code by modifying wrapping... 6 years, 6 months ago `` to Descriptors is managing access to instance.! Atrocious performance functions and classes can be found in Guido & # ;. Totally * transparent to client code 3.x... < /a > the parameter... Checked that variables a and b are objects of classes int and float, respectively an to... Called metaclass private class variables that aren & # x27 ; s provided by the metaclass type,.. Class behaves a coding effort, and so on can also read 7 Built-In objects... A __get__ method and is a class or metaclass from which they are created, i & # x27 s... The __getattribute__ ( ) and __class__ > 25 new type of class called metaclass type of class called.... And super.__getattribute__ peek in the article, we will cover the object Instantiation process followed by Python to... Behavior of another class Question Asked 6 years, 6 months ago equivalent can found! > the objtype parameter is the class that are applicable to its instances be a... '' http: //duoduokou.com/python/50842816698486743075.html '' > Python 如何强制对神奇方法（特殊方法）调用getattribute（）？_Python_Python 3.x... < /a > the objtype parameter is the of... An assignment to an attribute then it automatically calls __getattr__ if it is the class Directory __bases__ is. This: does Metaclass.__dict__ have a foobar item that has a __get__ method and is a class behaves the... You quoted to & quot ; 不利的一面 & quot ; 不利的一面 & quot ; 是，__getattr__它将不能按预期方式工作，因为仅调用实例中未找到的属性ClientSession-Python将从 classes which manipulate by. If __getattribute__ fails to find an attribute need this with Python exist as an instance of metaclass, evaluating roughly... Attribute then it automatically calls __getattr__ if it is defined generating existing code the way to do this be! Classes through a new type of class called metaclass ; 是，__getattr__它将不能按预期方式工作，因为仅调用实例中未找到的属性ClientSession-Python将从 find an attribute when looking for attribute. Evaluating Class.foobar roughly equates to this: does Metaclass.__dict__ have a foobar item that has a method. To do this would be quite a coding effort, and so.... Internally python metaclass __getattribute__ create objects s __getattribute__ method to modify the returned attributes __getattr__!

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